Healthy Families America (HFA)® Meets HHS Criteria

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2024

Effects shown in research

Linkages and referrals

Findings rated high

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance

Use of resources

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months

HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample

199 mothers Unadjusted mean = 4.10 Unadjusted mean = 3.00 Mean difference = 1.10 Study reported = 0.24

Not statistically significant, p= 0.10

Findings rated moderate

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Referral to AFDC or food stamps
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 33.00 % = 26.00 = 7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.20 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to GED prep
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 29.00 % = 26.00 = -7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to WIC
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 19.00 % = 12.00 = 7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.33 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Submitted by user on

In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

Referral to adult primary care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 20.00 % = 17.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.12 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to child health plus
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 18.00 % = 16.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to counseling
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 28.00 % = 21.00 = 7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.23 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to daycare/babysitting
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 52.00 % = 50.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.05 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to domestic violence services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 10.00 % = 5.00 = 5.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.45 Not statistically significant, p > 0.10
Submitted by user on

In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

Referral to early intervention program
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 28.00 % = 24.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.13 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to English as a Second Language
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 44.00 % = 36.00 = 8.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.20 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to family planning
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 25.00 % = 10.00 = 15.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.67 Statistically significant,
p < 0.01
Referral to food pantry
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 25.00 % = 19.00 = 6.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.21 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to housing assistance
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 33.00 = 37.00 = -4.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.11 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to immigration services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 30.00 % = 23.00 = 7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.22 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to job skills/search
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 43.00 % = 39.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.10 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to Medicaid
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 30.00 % = 36.00 = -6.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.16 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Referral to parenting education or training
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 14.00 % = 31.00 = -17.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.62 Statistically significant,
p < 0.001
Referral to pediatric primary care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 months postpartum Full sample 289 families % = 41.00 % = 32.00 = 9.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.24 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.10
Submitted by user on

In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Mother received mental health services after pregnancy (self report), time 3
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years post enrollment MA sample 611 mothers Not reported Not reported OR = 1.23 HomVEE calculated = 0.13 Not statistically significant, p = 0.26
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance

Use of resources

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months

HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample

165 mothers Unadjusted mean = 3.10 Unadjusted mean = 2.30 Mean difference = 0.80 Study reported = 0.48

Statistically significant, p= 0.01

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Use of resources
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
6 months Arizona sample 180 mothers Mean = 2.71 Mean = 2.06 Mean difference = 0.65 HomVEE calculated = 4.32 Statistically significant, p =0.007
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